Ky moment \u00ebsht\u00eb ndoshta i mbushur me simbolik\u00ebn m\u00eb globale. Ishte koha kur, sipas sagave t\u00eb vjetra norvegjezo-islandeze, aventurier\u00eb nordik\u00eb lundruan p\u00ebrtej Atlantikut t\u00eb Veriut, nga vendbanimet n\u00eb bregun per\u00ebndimor t\u00eb Groenland\u00ebs, deri n\u00eb skajin e kontinentit t\u00eb Amerik\u00ebs s\u00eb Veriut. Atje ata u takuan me banor\u00ebt e zonave bregdetare t\u00eb asaj q\u00eb sot \u00ebsht\u00eb Kanadaja: paraardh\u00ebs t\u00eb popujve si Beothuk\u00ebt dhe Algonkin\u00ebt. Rrethi i njer\u00ebzimit u mbyll p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb historin\u00eb e regjistruar.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb vitet 1960, arkeolog\u00ebt zbuluan nj\u00eb vendbanim dim\u00ebrimi nordik n\u00eb L\u2019Anse aux Meadows, n\u00eb skajin verior t\u00eb Njufaundlendit. Kjo konfirmoi at\u00eb q\u00eb sagat kishin p\u00ebrshkruar prej koh\u00ebsh: nj\u00eb seri udh\u00ebtimesh drejt per\u00ebndimit nga Groenlanda, zbulimin e tokave dhe burimeve t\u00eb reja, si dhe p\u00ebrplasje gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb t\u00eb dhunshme me popullsit\u00eb vendase, t\u00eb cilat nordik\u00ebt i quanin Skr\u00e6lingar, nj\u00eb term fyes q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb \u201ct\u00eb mjer\u00eb\u201d.<\/p>\n
K\u00ebto takime nd\u00ebrkulturore nis\u00ebn me mjaft premtime, me shk\u00ebmbime p\u00eblhurash t\u00eb kuqe dhe produktesh bulmeti p\u00ebr l\u00ebkura kafsh\u00ebsh. Por, me kalimin e koh\u00ebs, marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet u shp\u00ebrb\u00ebn\u00eb prej mosbesimit, pati dhun\u00eb dhe vrasje, nj\u00eb paralajm\u00ebrim i zymt\u00eb i asaj q\u00eb do t\u00eb vinte shekuj m\u00eb von\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Sigurisht, ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb moment q\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb e ka fituar n\u00eb retrospektiv\u00eb. Ata udh\u00ebtar\u00eb nuk e kuptuan se kishin mb\u00ebrritur n\u00eb nj\u00eb kontinent krejt\u00ebsisht t\u00eb ri.<\/p>\n
Ekspeditat e tyre nuk b\u00ebn\u00eb buj\u00eb n\u00eb bot\u00eb. Dhe pik\u00ebrisht kjo, p\u00ebr mua, e b\u00ebn k\u00ebt\u00eb moment historik edhe m\u00eb interesant. Sepse, kur jemi duke u bartur nga rrymat e vrullshme t\u00eb koh\u00ebs, nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb dallosh se cilat ngjarje dhe data do t\u00eb ken\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb pesh\u00eb p\u00ebr ata q\u00eb do t\u00eb kthejn\u00eb kok\u00ebn pas.<\/p>\n
Eleanor Barraclough \u00ebsht\u00eb historiane, gazetare dhe autore e librit Embers of the Hands: Hidden Histories of the Viking Age (Profile, 2024).<\/p>\n
Viti 1066 \/ Pushtim, k\u00ebshtjella, ndryshime shoq\u00ebrore dhe kalor\u00ebsi<\/strong><\/p>\n P\u00ebr historin\u00eb britanike, t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn, p\u00ebrgjigjja \u00ebsht\u00eb 1066. Kjo mund t\u00eb duket befasuese p\u00ebr ata q\u00eb mbajn\u00eb mend vet\u00ebm Betej\u00ebn e Hastings, vdekjen e mbretit Harold dhe ardhjen n\u00eb pushtet t\u00eb Uilliam Pushtuesit. Por ndryshimi i regjimit q\u00eb pasoi pushtimin norman shkoi shum\u00eb m\u00eb tej sesa thjesht z\u00ebvend\u00ebsimi i nj\u00eb dinastie mbret\u00ebrore.<\/p>\n Si\u00e7 tregon Domesday Book, deri n\u00eb vitin 1086 klasa e vjet\u00ebr sunduese e Anglis\u00eb anglo-saksone ishte z\u00ebvend\u00ebsuar pothuajse t\u00ebr\u00ebsisht dhe m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 90 p\u00ebr qind e tok\u00ebs ishte tashm\u00eb n\u00eb duart e t\u00eb ardhurve nga kontinenti evropian.<\/p>\n Kjo pati nj\u00eb ndikim t\u00eb menj\u00ebhersh\u00ebm n\u00eb pamjen fizike t\u00eb vendit. U nd\u00ebrtuan me qindra k\u00ebshtjella, teksa para vitit 1066 pothuajse nuk ekzistonin fare n\u00eb Angli. Katedralet dhe abacit\u00eb u shemb\u00ebn dhe u rind\u00ebrtuan n\u00eb nj\u00eb stil t\u00eb ri romanesk. Veriu i vendit u shtyp brutalisht p\u00ebr t\u2019u n\u00ebnshtruar dhe u shnd\u00ebrrua n\u00eb nj\u00eb shkret\u00ebtir\u00eb.<\/p>\n M\u00eb pak e dukshme, por edhe m\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme n\u00eb planin afatgjat\u00eb, pushtimi solli edhe ide t\u00eb reja p\u00ebr m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn se si duhej rregulluar shoq\u00ebria. Skllav\u00ebria, e cila kishte qen\u00eb e zakonshme mes anglo-sakson\u00ebve, u zhduk gjat\u00eb gjysm\u00eb shekullit q\u00eb pasoi. Zakoni p\u00ebr t\u2019ia kursyer jet\u00ebn kund\u00ebrshtarit t\u00eb mundur u b\u00eb norm\u00eb e re mes elit\u00ebs sunduese.<\/p>\n P\u00ebrvet\u00ebsimi i shpejt\u00eb i k\u00ebtyre q\u00ebndrimeve t\u00eb reja nga anglez\u00ebt i dalloi ata nga fqinj\u00ebt e tyre ishullor\u00eb, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt vazhduan t\u00eb masakronin armiqt\u00eb dhe ta praktikonin luft\u00ebn si gjueti skllev\u00ebrish. Perceptimi i ri i uellsian\u00ebve, skocez\u00ebve dhe irlandez\u00ebve si barbar\u00eb t\u00eb pacivilizuar ishte nj\u00eb pasoj\u00eb e drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb e pushtimit norman dhe ushqeu kolonizimin agresiv anglez t\u00eb k\u00ebtyre vendeve n\u00eb shekujt q\u00eb pasuan.<\/p>\n Marc Morris \u00ebsht\u00eb historian i Mesjet\u00ebs, shkrimtar dhe komentator.<\/p>\n 1945: Bota pas luft\u00ebs bot\u00ebrore<\/strong><\/p>\n N\u00eb shkall\u00eb globale, Lufta e Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore ishte periudha m\u00eb vendimtare n\u00eb histori. Dhe si rrjedhoj\u00eb, viti i p\u00ebrfundimit t\u00eb saj ishte viti m\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm.<\/p>\n Lista e transformimeve q\u00eb ndodh\u00ebn si pasoj\u00eb e luft\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb v\u00ebrtet marramend\u00ebse. U sh\u00ebnuan p\u00ebrparime t\u00eb m\u00ebdha n\u00eb teknologjin\u00eb kompjuterike, radioteknologji, k\u00ebrkime mbi plastik\u00ebn, avion\u00ebt reaktiv\u00eb, shkenc\u00ebn e raketave dhe prodhimin e antibiotik\u00ebve. Energjia b\u00ebrthamore shp\u00ebrtheu n\u00eb nd\u00ebrgjegjen njer\u00ebzore n\u00eb vitin 1945. Super Glue u zbulua gjat\u00eb luft\u00ebs, po ashtu edhe teknologjia q\u00eb q\u00ebndron pas furrave me mikroval\u00eb. Dhe ishte fitorja p\u00ebrfundimtare e vitit 1945 q\u00eb lejoi k\u00ebto risi t\u00eb dilnin nga fsheht\u00ebsia e koh\u00ebs s\u00eb luft\u00ebs dhe t\u00eb hynin n\u00eb bot\u00ebn civile.<\/p>\n Krahas teknologjive t\u00eb reja erdh\u00ebn edhe ndryshime t\u00eb thella shoq\u00ebrore dhe gjeopolitike.<\/p>\n Ishte n\u00eb vitin 1945 q\u00eb harta e sotme e Evrop\u00ebs u vizatua gjat\u00eb Konferencave t\u00eb Jalt\u00ebs dhe Potsdamit. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb nisi marrja e pushtetit nga komunist\u00ebt n\u00eb Evrop\u00ebn Lindore. Ky ishte viti kur kombet e Azis\u00eb dhe Afrik\u00ebs, t\u00eb frym\u00ebzuara nga retorika e koh\u00ebs s\u00eb luft\u00ebs, nis\u00ebn shtytjen e tyre p\u00ebrfundimtare drejt dekolonizimit. Rendi nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar u rilind me krijimin e Kombeve t\u00eb Bashkuara, dhe m\u00eb pas u nd\u00ebrtua nj\u00eb rrjet i t\u00ebr\u00eb organizatash t\u00eb lidhura me t\u00eb. Lista mund t\u00eb vazhdoj\u00eb pafund.<\/p>\n Lufta e Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore hodhi nj\u00eb hije aq t\u00eb gjat\u00eb mbi bot\u00ebn, sa ndikimi i saj ndihet edhe sot. Kujtesa e vitit 1945, dhe e gjith\u00e7kaje q\u00eb ai p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson, ruhet n\u00eb kultur\u00ebn ton\u00eb t\u00eb rr\u00ebfimit, t\u00eb kinemas\u00eb dhe t\u00eb let\u00ebrsis\u00eb, dhe vazhdon t\u00eb p\u00ebrkujtohet \u00e7do vit. Asnj\u00eb vit i vet\u00ebm n\u00eb histori nuk ka pasur ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb nj\u00eb fuqi kaq t\u00eb madhe mbi ne, dhe v\u00ebshtir\u00eb se ndonj\u00eb vit tjet\u00ebr do ta ket\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebri.<\/p>\n Keith Lowe \u00ebsht\u00eb autor i librit \u201cThe Fear and the Freedom: How the Second World War Changed Us\u201d.<\/p>\n 31 p.e.s. Actiumi: kthesa q\u00eb ndryshoi rrjedh\u00ebn e historis\u00eb romake<\/strong><\/p>\n N\u00eb mesdit\u00ebn e 2 shtatorit t\u00eb vitit 31 para er\u00ebs son\u00eb, Markus Agripa ndodhej n\u00eb bordin e anijes s\u00eb tij dhe v\u00ebshtronte drejt kepit grek t\u00eb Actiumit. Rreth 60 anije luftarake t\u00eb armikut po \u00e7anin me shpejt\u00ebsi dallg\u00ebt e Detit Jon, drejt flot\u00ebs prej rreth 400 anijesh t\u00eb drejtuara prej tij dhe Oktavianit, i cili po ndiqte betej\u00ebn nga nj\u00eb pozicion i favorsh\u00ebm n\u00eb tok\u00eb. Anijet q\u00eb po afroheshin ishin pjes\u00eb e flot\u00ebs prej 230 anijesh t\u00eb komanduar nga Mark Antoni, ish-aleati romak i Oktavianit, dhe Cleopatra, mbret\u00ebresha e Egjiptit.<\/p>\n Kur flotat u p\u00ebrplas\u00ebn, anijet e Kleopatr\u00ebs u fut\u00ebn drejt e n\u00eb mes t\u00eb vij\u00ebs s\u00eb betej\u00ebs, dhe p\u00ebr nj\u00eb \u00e7ast u duk sikur fati i luft\u00ebs mund t\u00eb ndryshonte.<\/p>\n Por ndodhi e kund\u00ebrta. Anijet e saj \u00e7an\u00eb mesp\u00ebrmes betej\u00ebs dhe dol\u00ebn n\u00eb det t\u00eb hapur: Kleopatra po arratisej. I kapluar nga paniku, Mark Antoni braktisi anijen e tij dhe e ndoqi me disa mjete m\u00eb t\u00eb vogla, duke l\u00ebn\u00eb pjes\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb flot\u00ebs p\u00ebrball\u00eb sulmit t\u00eb pam\u00ebshirsh\u00ebm. Pas k\u00ebsaj, dor\u00ebzimi ishte i pashmangsh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n N\u00eb koh\u00ebn e betej\u00ebs, Perandoria Romake ishte e ndar\u00eb: Oktaviani sundonte Per\u00ebndimin, nd\u00ebrsa Mark Antoni Lindjen. Pas vet\u00ebvrasjeve t\u00eb Kleopatr\u00ebs dhe Mark Antonit n\u00eb vitin 30 p.e.s., si pasoj\u00eb e humbjes n\u00eb Actium, Oktaviani u b\u00eb sundimtari i vet\u00ebm i Rom\u00ebs dhe pushtuesi i Egjiptit. Tre vjet m\u00eb von\u00eb, Senati Romak i dha atij titullin Augustus, duke sh\u00ebnuar zyrtarisht fundin e Republik\u00ebs dhe fillimin e Perandoris\u00eb Romake.<\/p>\n Po t\u00eb kishte fituar Antoni, qendra e Rom\u00ebs mund t\u00eb ishte zhvendosur drejt Lindjes. Aleksandria mund t\u00eb ishte b\u00ebr\u00eb nj\u00eb kryeqytet i dyt\u00eb; ambiciet romake ndoshta do t\u00eb ishin orientuar nga Mesopotamia dhe Persia, e jo nga Germania dhe Britania; dhe sot Evropa mund t\u00eb kishte nj\u00eb baz\u00eb gjuh\u00ebsore greke, e jo latine.<\/p>\n Jess Venner \u00ebsht\u00eb historiane e antikitetit, prezantuese dhe shkrimtare.<\/p>\n 1453: Mirupafshim Bizantin\u00eb, mir\u00eb se vini Osman\u00eb<\/strong><\/p>\n Sigurisht, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb detyr\u00eb e pamundur t\u00eb zgjedh\u00ebsh nj\u00eb vit t\u00eb vet\u00ebm si m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishmin. Ngjarje madhore ndodhin, por ato b\u00ebhen t\u00eb mundura nga ndryshime strukturore, politike, ekonomike, kulturore, q\u00eb zhvillohen gjat\u00eb dekadave apo edhe shekujve. Megjithat\u00eb, po t\u00eb duhej t\u00eb zgjidhja, do t\u00eb zgjidhja vitin 1453.<\/p>\n Ishte viti kur p\u00ebrfundoi Lufta Nj\u00ebqindvje\u00e7are, por edhe, akoma m\u00eb dometh\u00ebn\u00ebse, viti kur Konstantinopoja ra n\u00eb duart e turqve osman\u00eb. Kjo sh\u00ebnoi fundin e Perandoris\u00eb Bizantine, mbetja e fundit e bot\u00ebs romake, e cila kishte zgjatur p\u00ebr m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 1 000 vjet.<\/p>\n Qyteti u b\u00eb kryeqyteti i Perandoris\u00eb Osmane, e cila do t\u00eb vazhdonte deri n\u00eb vitin 1922 si nj\u00eb fuqi e madhe globale. P\u00ebrb\u00ebrja fetare e rajonit ndryshoi ndjesh\u00ebm, ndon\u00ebse ai mbeti nj\u00eb vat\u00ebr p\u00ebrzierjeje popujsh me kultura dhe besime t\u00eb ndryshme. R\u00ebnia e Kostandinopoj\u00ebs solli nj\u00eb val\u00eb studiuesish grek\u00eb drejt Evrop\u00ebs, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt soll\u00ebn dije t\u00eb thella dhe ide t\u00eb reja, duke i dh\u00ebn\u00eb nj\u00eb shtys\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebtejshme Rilindjes Evropiane.<\/p>\n Ajo p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsoi gjithashtu nj\u00eb zhvendosje tektonike n\u00eb gjeopolitik\u00ebn globale, duke ndryshuar ekuilibrin e fuqive n\u00eb Lindjen e Mesme dhe duke rikonfiguruar rr\u00ebnj\u00ebsisht rrug\u00ebt tregtare midis Evrop\u00ebs dhe Azis\u00eb. Disa argumentojn\u00eb se v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsit\u00eb n\u00eb rritje t\u00eb tregtis\u00eb p\u00ebrmes rrug\u00ebve tok\u00ebsore n\u00eb Euroazi nxit\u00ebn eksplorimin evropian n\u00eb Atlantik.<\/p>\n Kjo kontribuoi gjithashtu n\u00eb rikonfigurimin e tregtis\u00eb mesjetare t\u00eb skllev\u00ebrve. Meq\u00eb u b\u00eb m\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb p\u00ebr tregtar\u00ebt evropian\u00eb t\u00eb trafikonin njer\u00ebz p\u00ebrmes Detit t\u00eb Zi, ata u drejtuan gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb nga bregdeti i Afrik\u00ebs Per\u00ebndimore, duke nxitur rritjen e nj\u00eb prej fenomeneve m\u00eb t\u00eb tmerrshme dhe tragjike n\u00eb historin\u00eb njer\u00ebzore.<\/p>\n Hannah Skoda \u00ebsht\u00eb profesoresh\u00eb e asociuar e historis\u00eb mesjetare n\u00eb Universitetin e Oksfordit.<\/p>\n 1858: Agimi i Epok\u00ebs s\u00eb Informacionit<\/strong><\/p>\n M\u00eb 16 gusht 1858, Mbret\u00ebresha Viktoria i d\u00ebrgoi nj\u00eb mesazh presidentit amerikan James Buchanan. N\u00eb rrethana normale, nj\u00eb komunikim i till\u00eb do t\u00eb kishte marr\u00eb rreth 10 dit\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb kaluar Atlantikun me anije, por ky mesazh mb\u00ebrriti p\u00ebr vet\u00ebm 16 or\u00eb.<\/p>\n Ai u d\u00ebrgua p\u00ebr t\u00eb sh\u00ebnuar lidhjen e kabllit t\u00eb par\u00eb telegrafik transatlantik, nj\u00eb linj\u00eb e drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb mes Bot\u00ebs s\u00eb Vjet\u00ebr dhe Bot\u00ebs s\u00eb Re.<\/p>\n Lidhje m\u00eb t\u00eb shkurtra ishin realizuar tashm\u00eb mes Britanis\u00eb dhe Evrop\u00ebs kontinentale, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb nj\u00eb linj\u00eb p\u00ebrmes Kanalit Anglez n\u00eb vitin 1850, por Atlantiku paraqiste nj\u00eb sfid\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe.<\/p>\n P\u00ebr vite me radh\u00eb, inxhinier\u00eb, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb Samuel Morse, kishin debatuar n\u00ebse ishte e mundur t\u00eb shtrihej nj\u00eb kabllo prej rreth 2,500 miljesh n\u00ebn oqean. P\u00ebrpjekja e par\u00eb, n\u00eb vitin 1857, d\u00ebshtoi kur kablloja u k\u00ebput. Por tani, m\u00eb n\u00eb fund, ajo u realizua. Disa komentator\u00eb e shpall\u00ebn si Mrekullin\u00eb e Tet\u00eb t\u00eb Bot\u00ebs. Nj\u00eb gazet\u00eb e entuziazmuar n\u00eb Boston njoftoi shkurt: \u201cNUK KA M\u00cb DET!\u201d<\/p>\n Ky kabllo i par\u00eb transatlantik u d\u00ebmtua pas vet\u00ebm tre jav\u00ebsh dhe vet\u00ebm n\u00eb vitin 1866 u vendos nj\u00eb linj\u00eb e p\u00ebrhershme. Megjithat\u00eb, precedenti ishte vendosur: tani do t\u00eb ishte e mundur t\u00eb lidhej \u00e7do cep i bot\u00ebs n\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjet gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb kabllosh telegrafike, duke lejuar q\u00eb sasi t\u00eb m\u00ebdha informacioni t\u00eb qarkullonin n\u00ebp\u00ebr glob me shpejt\u00ebsi t\u00eb paimagjinueshme m\u00eb par\u00eb.<\/p>\n U desh\u00ebn shum\u00eb vite q\u00eb ky vizion t\u00eb realizohej plot\u00ebsisht, por n\u00eb vitin 1858 shohim fillimin e Epok\u00ebs s\u00eb re t\u00eb Informacionit, nj\u00eb moment qart\u00ebsisht modern, q\u00eb do t\u00eb kulmonte m\u00eb von\u00eb me ardhjen e internetit.<\/p>\n Bob Nicholson \u00ebsht\u00eb shkrimtar, komentator dhe historian n\u00eb Universitetin Edge Hill.<\/p>\n 1917: Kur revolucioni riform\u00ebsoi aleancat, identitetet dhe ambiciet<\/strong><\/p>\n N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb vit ky\u00e7, Rusia u t\u00ebrhoq nga Lufta e Par\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore, nd\u00ebrsa Shtetet e Bashkuara hyn\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb. Asnj\u00ebra prej tyre nuk konsiderohej ende nj\u00eb fuqi e madhe bot\u00ebrore, por veprimet e nd\u00ebrmarra gjat\u00eb luft\u00ebs nxit\u00ebn transformime globale. Presidenti Woodrow Wilson, me promovimin e bashk\u00ebpunimit nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar dhe t\u00eb demokracis\u00eb sipas modelit amerikan (universale n\u00eb retorik\u00eb, por thell\u00ebsisht e racializuar n\u00eb praktik\u00eb), sinjalizoi ambiciet e SHBA-s\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb dal\u00eb n\u00eb sken\u00ebn bot\u00ebrore.<\/p>\n Megjithat\u00eb, historia kryesore ishte Rusia. Ekonomia e saj, e shkat\u00ebrruar nga lufta, dhe popullsia e rraskapitur p\u00ebrmbys\u00ebn carin n\u00eb mars (shkurt sipas kalendarit Julian q\u00eb p\u00ebrdorej at\u00ebher\u00eb), duke hapur rrug\u00ebn p\u00ebr marrjen e pushtetit nga bolshevik\u00ebt n\u00eb n\u00ebntor (tetor sipas kalendarit Julian).<\/p>\n Revolucioni Rus, ngjarja m\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme e shekullit XX, u p\u00ebrmbyll deri n\u00eb fund t\u00eb vitit 1917, nd\u00ebrsa Bashkimi Sovjetik u konsolidua n\u00eb vitin 1922.<\/p>\n As l\u00ebvizja p\u00ebr t\u00eb drejtat civile, as p\u00ebrpjekjet p\u00ebr dekolonizim nuk do t\u00eb kishin marr\u00eb form\u00ebn q\u00eb njohim sot pa Bashkimin Sovjetik, qoft\u00eb si kund\u00ebrshtar, qoft\u00eb si aleat. N\u00eb Shtetet e Bashkuara, p\u00ebr shembull, organizimi komunist dhe propaganda sovjetike i detyruan mb\u00ebshtet\u00ebsit e segregacionit ose ta justifikonin, ose ta modifikonin sistemin e tyre t\u00eb ndarjes racore.<\/p>\n N\u00eb bot\u00ebn e n\u00ebnshtruar ndaj perandorive evropiane, komunizmi sovjetik ofroi burime intelektuale dhe materiale p\u00ebr nacionalist\u00ebt antikolonial\u00eb.<\/p>\n Historian\u00ebt e Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Ftoht\u00eb priren t\u00eb p\u00ebrqendrohen te SHBA-j n\u00eb ngritje dhe rivali i saj sovjetik, q\u00eb p\u00ebrplaseshin p\u00ebr hegjemonin\u00eb globale p\u00ebrmes konflikteve n\u00eb Amerik\u00ebn Latine, Afrik\u00eb dhe Azi. Por m\u00eb dometh\u00ebn\u00ebse jan\u00eb m\u00ebnyrat se si modeli revolucionar dhe sfida revolucionare i shtyn\u00eb komunitetet, grupet dhe kombet t\u00eb artikulonin se kush ishin dhe kush d\u00ebshironin t\u00eb b\u00ebheshin.<\/p>\n Revolucioni Rus ndihmoi n\u00eb rind\u00ebrtimin e bot\u00ebs, dhe ne vazhdojm\u00eb t\u00eb jetojm\u00eb trash\u00ebgimin\u00eb e tij.<\/p>\n Adriane Lentz-Smith \u00ebsht\u00eb profesoresh\u00eb e asociuar e historis\u00eb n\u00eb Universitetin Duke.<\/p>\n 490 p.e.s. Maratona: nj\u00eb fitore p\u00ebr demokracin\u00eb<\/strong><\/p>\n Gjasht\u00eb dekada pasi Kiri i Madh kishte themeluar Perandorin\u00eb Akamenide, forcat persiane t\u00eb mbretit Dari I, po shtynin drejt Per\u00ebndimit me synimin p\u00ebr t\u00eb pushtuar t\u00eb gjith\u00eb Greqin\u00eb. Q\u00ebllimi i tyre kryesor ishte shkat\u00ebrrimi i Athin\u00ebs, e cila kishte guxuar t\u00eb mb\u00ebshteste nj\u00eb kryengritje kund\u00ebr perandoris\u00eb q\u00eb, n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb, kontrollonte pjes\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha t\u00eb rajonit. Por ata nuk e kishin llogaritur vendosm\u00ebrin\u00eb dhe zgjuarsin\u00eb taktike t\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtar\u00ebve t\u00eb tyre.<\/p>\n N\u00eb shtator t\u00eb vitit 490 p.e.s., flota persiane zbarkoi n\u00eb bregun e Atik\u00ebs, rreth 17 milje n\u00eb verilindje t\u00eb Athin\u00ebs, dhe trupat e saj dol\u00ebn n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e Maraton\u00ebs. Rreth 10,000 burra athinas u mblodh\u00ebn n\u00eb kodrat p\u00ebrreth, t\u00eb bashkuar nga 1,000 luft\u00ebtar\u00eb nga Platea, por edhe k\u00ebshtu ishin duksh\u00ebm m\u00eb pak n\u00eb num\u00ebr.<\/p>\n Kur mor\u00ebn vesh se kalor\u00ebsia persiane mungonte, luft\u00ebtar\u00ebt grek\u00eb, t\u00eb udh\u00ebhequr nga gjenerali athinas Miltiadhi, u hodh\u00ebn n\u00eb sulm kund\u00ebr armikut. Kund\u00ebr \u00e7do pritshm\u00ebrie, trupat persiane u thyen, thuhet se me koston e vet\u00ebm 192 t\u00eb vrar\u00ebve athinas. Ky ishte nj\u00eb moment vendimtar n\u00eb historin\u00eb e lasht\u00eb: u dha grek\u00ebve besimin se mund t\u2019i b\u00ebnin ball\u00eb Perandoris\u00eb s\u00eb fuqishme Persiane dhe, fal\u00eb rolit t\u00eb tyre n\u00eb fitore, athinasit dol\u00ebn si polis-i m\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm n\u00eb Greqi. Nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht, kjo fitore i dha hov zhvillimit t\u00eb demokracis\u00eb n\u00eb Athin\u00eb.<\/p>\n N\u00eb mesin e shekullit XIX, filozofi anglez John Stuart Mill pohoi se \u201csi nj\u00eb ngjarje n\u00eb histori, Beteja e Maraton\u00ebs ishte m\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme se Beteja e Hastings\u201d, sepse fitorja e grek\u00ebve, dhe ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht ajo e athinasve, ishte aq ngusht\u00eb e lidhur me zhvillimin e demokracis\u00eb.<\/p>\n Michael Scott, profesor i klasik\u00ebs dhe historis\u00eb s\u00eb lasht\u00eb n\u00eb Universitetin e Warwick-ut.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Historian\u00eb, gazetar\u00eb dhe shkrimtar\u00eb ofrojn\u00eb pik\u00ebpamjet e tyre mbi nj\u00eb pyetje q\u00eb vazhdon t\u00eb ndaj\u00eb opinionet \u00a0Viti 1000 pas Krishtit: Fuqia nordike: kur p\u00ebrplaseshin bot\u00ebt Ky moment \u00ebsht\u00eb ndoshta i mbushur me simbolik\u00ebn m\u00eb globale. Ishte koha kur, sipas sagave t\u00eb vjetra norvegjezo-islandeze, aventurier\u00eb nordik\u00eb lundruan p\u00ebrtej Atlantikut t\u00eb Veriut, nga vendbanimet n\u00eb bregun per\u00ebndimor…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2190,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2189","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-lajme"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/toolsyo.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_7965.jpeg","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/toolsyo.com\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2189","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/toolsyo.com\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/toolsyo.com\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/toolsyo.com\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/toolsyo.com\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2189"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/toolsyo.com\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2189\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2191,"href":"https:\/\/toolsyo.com\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2189\/revisions\/2191"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/toolsyo.com\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2190"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/toolsyo.com\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2189"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/toolsyo.com\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2189"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/toolsyo.com\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2189"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"\"](\"https:\/\/koha.mk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/pushteti-300x177.jpg\")
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